Introduction to steroid structure and synthesis a, The general steroid
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Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed). Steroids are widely distributed in animals, where they are associated with a number of physiological processes. Examples of some important steroids are shown in the following diagram.
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Structurally, steroids are derivatives of a reduced 3-ring phenanthrene molecule with a fourth ("D") ring added. The carbons of the A, B, C, and D rings are conventionally numbered 1 through 17.. A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules.
